Captain America - The Winter Soldier Presentation

Editing Techniques

Editing is designed to be subtle so that the viewer hardly notices the transitions between each frame. However, every cut or effect is there for a reason, but editing is meant to be almost hidden but at the same time it needs to help the audience translate the narrative message - this makes is one of the hardest areas of textual analysis to spot and discuss.

Editing Techniques

Cut.

Sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another. On television cuts occur on average about every 7 or 8 seconds. Cutting may:

• change the scene;
• compress time;
• vary the point of view; or
• build up an image or idea

Less abrupt transitions are achieved with the fade, dissolve, and wipe (see below)

Matched cut.

In a 'matched cut' a familiar relationship between the shots may make the change seem smooth:

• continuity of direction;
• completed action;*
• a similar centre of attention in the frame;
• a one-step change of shot size (e.g. long to medium);
• a change of angle (conventionally at least 30 degrees)

*The cut is usually made on an action (for example, a person begins to turn towards a door in one shot; the next shot, taken from the doorway, catches him completing the turn). Because the viewer's eye is absorbed by the action he is unlikely to notice the movement of the cut itself.

Jump cut.

Abrupt switch from one scene to another which may be used deliberately to make a dramatic point. Sometimes boldly used to begin or end action. Alternatively, it may be result of poor pictorial continuity, perhaps from deleting a section.

Motivated cut.

Cut made just at the point where what has occurred makes the viewer immediately want to see something which is not currently visible (causing us, for instance, to accept compression of time). A typical feature is the shot/reverse shot technique (cuts coinciding with changes of speaker). Editing and camera work appear to be determined by the action. It is intimately associated with the 'privileged point of view' (see narrative style: objectivity).

Cutting rate.

Frequent cuts may be used as deliberate interruptions to shock, surprise or emphasize.

Cutting rhythm.

A cutting rhythm may be progressively shortened to increase tension. Cutting rhythm may create an exciting, lyrical or staccato effect in the viewer.

Cross-cut.

A cut from one line of action to another. Also applied as an adjectuve to sequences which use such cuts.

Cutaway/cutaway shot (CA).

A bridging, intercut shot between two shots of the same subject. It represents a secondary activity occurring at the same time as the main action. It may be preceded by a definite look or glance out of frame by a participant, or it may show something of which those in the preceding shot are unaware. (See narrative style: parallel development) It may be used to avoid the technical ugliness of a 'jump cut' where there would be uncomfortable jumps in time, place or viewpoint. It is often used to shortcut the passing of time.

Reaction shot.

Any shot, usually a cutaway, in which a participant reacts to action which has just occurred.

Insert/insert shot.

A bridging close-up shot inserted into the larger context, offering an essential detail of the scene (or a reshooting of the action with a different shot size or angle.)

Buffer shot (neutral shot).

A bridging shot (normally taken with a separate camera) to separate two shots which would have reversed the continuity of direction.

Fade, dissolve (mix).

Both fades and dissolves are gradual transitions between shots. In a fade the picture gradually appears from (fades in) or disappears to (fades out) a blank screen. A slow fade-in is a quiet introduction to a scene; a slow fade-out is a peaceful ending. Time lapses are often suggested by a slow fade-out and fade-in. A dissolve (or mix) involves fading out one picture while fading up another on top of it. The impression is of an image merging into and then becoming another. A slow mix usually suggests differences in time and place. Defocus or ripple dissolves are sometimes used to indicate flashbacks in time.

Superimpositions.

Two of more images placed directly over each other (e.g. and eye and a camera lens to create a visual metaphor).

Wipe.

An optical effect marking a transition between two shots. It appears to supplant an image by wiping it off the screen (as a line or in some complex pattern, such as by appearing to turn a page). The wipe is a technique which draws attention to itself and acts as a clear marker of change.

Inset.

An inset is a special visual effect whereby a reduced shot is superimposed on the main shot. Often used to reveal a close-up detail of the main shot.

Split screen.

The division of the screen into parts which can show the viewer several images at the same time (sometimes the same action from slightly different perspectives, sometimes similar actions at different times). This can convey the excitement and frenzy of certain activities, but it can also overload the viewer.

Stock shot.

Footage already available and used for another purpose than the one for which it was originally filmed.

Downton Abbey - Class And Status

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IscFlwFNB6I

Textual Analysis

Camera Angles/Movement: At the start of the clip they use a tracking shot if the guy on the bicycle, this is used at the start or draw the audience in as they follow the action. The producer uses an extreme long shot this provides the audience with an idea of where it is set which is an old Victorian house, also this shot gives the audience a feel of when the place is set. They use a tracking shot at the start of the clip which shows that they have the lower class might be in a rush because he might be late. Later on in the clip they use a high angle shot this shows that the separation of the classes as she doesn't have to get up early and do anything because serves them. In the breakfast scene the kept changing angles so that the audience felt like they where involved and it draws them into the action of their morning routine.

Sound: At the start clip the lower class man who is on the bicycle there is a fast-pace non-diegetic music which is used as he cycles through to the mansion. This shows that he is in a hurry and his morning routine is generally rushed because of the amount of work he has to do. Whereas when it switches to upper class women in her bedroom, the non-diegetic music changes from fast-past music with a tracking shot to a smooth panorama of her room and a gentle calming non-diegetic music plays. This shows that because she is upper class she doesn't have to wake up early or rush around because she is getting served by the working class. You can hear the diegetic sounds of the bell as an upper class person calls a butler. This emphasises the power that the upper class have against the working class.

Editing: When they showed the working class boy cycle up to the mansion, there is a quick cut to the upper class women in her bedroom. Also the non-diegetic sounds cut and a gentle calming music. This again shows the different contrasts in the working class and upper class lives. When the upper class wanted something they rang the bell and instantly it cut to a downstairs scene where they have all the bells to show they need to attend them. As the clip goes on we see that they are rushing around to have their breakfast, and what they have done to make it seem more rushed by using jumped cuts this gives the effect that the breakfast punch is happening at such a pace that the audience feels like it is being involved. 

Mise en Scene: The boy at the start of the clip is wearing dark work clothes, this is quite a neutral colour which suggests that he is an average working class boy. Also the lighting outside is bright which shows that it is early morning, but as he is cycling he is under the shadow of the tree, and he is wearing black work clothes which shows that he is working class because he has to work for the upper class. Whereas the upper class women is sitting in her bed with the natural light bleeding a little through the window. This again shows that she is upper class she is wearing more graceful nightwear. The posture of the young boy is also different to the upper class women because he is on his bike and he is slouching a bit which shows that he is a working class boy because of the way he holds himself. Whereas the women even though she has just woken up she has a much straighter back this is because she is upper class and she has been brought up to hold and compose her herself better than a working class person. We also see how quickly one of the servants attends to the person as the bell is rung. This shows the power which they have because they are upper class and the attendants are working class.

Research Task - The Grand Budapest Hotel

The Street Disability - Representation of Disability in TV Drama

Task:

Produce a written exploration of disability in TV drama and post this to your blog.

Your written piece should include, but is not limited to, discussion of:

• Disability stereotypes and their countertypes
• How disability is presented in TV drama through the 4 areas of textual analysis
• How disability links to the other 6 areas of representation (positively and negatively)
• Examples from TV dramas to support your points (including pictures

Camera Shots/Movement

At the start of the scene there are two shots whilst one character is talking to the other one about his job. This shows that the audience is familiar with these characters. throughout the middle of the clip you can tell that the characters annoyed because of what he looks like and how others see him now. They use a mid shot of him walking through the crowd. As he is walking up the street it shows a high angle shot on the women because she didn't expect him to be there and also because of the way he looks. Near to the end of the clip he is in an office with a chief talking about the way he looks, through over the shoulder shots, and complaining about how everyone see him differently. this also draws the audience in because they feel as if they are part of the action.

Sounds

Firstly, there are diegetic sounds of people talking in the background. Then as he gets angry because he was denied his job, as he is walking through the crowd non-diegetic sounds of fast past tense music play, this highlights his anger. Then it stops suddenly as he turns into a street, as he tries to help the lady there is a diegetic sound  as she screams because she didn't expect anyone to b there and also as she looks up got scared because of the markings on his face. 

Editing

There is only one major cut, this is when he is walking through the crowd with the fast past music. They edited the scene so everyone is blurred out and they look grey. This is because they want the audience to concentrate on him and his anger because of what he looks like. This then is cut straight and quickly into the next scene because there is no one there to look at him, whereas in the crowd loads of people couldn't help but look. 

Mise en Scene

As he walks down the street you see his realisation , to what has actually happen to him and that his life isn't going to be the same again. People can't help but look, and he doesn't think that its a disability but others look at him because it isn't 'normal' to see a human like that. You can tell by what he is wearing that he isn't rich nor poor, but you can tell that he is in need of a job as he job rejected his old job. The colour of the middle scene where he is walking the the crowd is more of a dull grey colour this highlights that because the camera is focused on him that he is thinking and it isn't the best time for him. The last scene is a very dark, mysterious scene where the lighting is poor and the sit at a desk discussing their face. Also in this scene you can tell by his facial expressions and his body language that he is being very negative towards himself and how they should advertise positive things about the war. Finally His facial expressions are always miserable and angry because of his situation, and towards everybody because of how different his life is going to be. 

The Inbetweeners - Disability in media

Why is the clip funny?

The clip is funny because the Frisbee which they are playing with hits a disabled women on the head, but she wasn't expecting it so when it hits her she react and it creates an awkward situation for him and his friends. 

How is the disabled women being represented?

Because she is disabled she cannot control her reaction, so when she gets hit she becomes a victim and is helpless because she is in a wheelchair and cannot do anything about it. 

Are we meant to laugh at the disabled person?

No, we are supposed to support the disabled person feel sorry for them, and laugh at Will because they are stupid and can't throw. But you become shocked because it is an awkward situation as it hits her because she doesn't expect it. And on top of that the other women who is with her doesn't speak English so they might be deeply offended by the action. Even though he apologies he then takes the Frisbee back it looks like he is robbing her, and this makes the situation because it then makes the group of men who are playing football chase them. You're also supposed to laugh at the situation itself as the disabled person. 

Are they the 'butt' of the joke?

Initially yes, you are laughing at the disabled person because if it wasn't a disabled person it wouldn't be funny. However, as the situation unfolds you become more embarrassed for Will and begin to laugh at his misfortune and not that of the disabled woman.

How do you think disabled people respond to this? 

They might be offended because of how they are being portrayed because it is a very sensitive matter. But on the other hand they might enjoy it because the boys are getting chased because of that they did and their action afterwards.

Are we as a society cultivated to think we should pity the disabled? 

Yes, however media do not follow these rules of society. If this event was seen in public, the majority of people would help or seek to comfort any disabled person that is hurt. Also when the people playing football see the disable person in distress, they rush over to try and protect her. This shows chart people in society don't usually look 'down' upon disabled people as lessors, more as people who need extra care.

The Avenger Assemble Research Task

• the issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically, British) by international or global institutions; (how do film companies try and attract their audience? Do they do different things in different countries?) How was the film marketed in the USA, Europe and the rest of the world (particular focus here on China).

Marvel Studios, is a very well known company. So when they announce their new movie then the majority of people know that it is going to be good because they are a very established brand. Because of this other countries prefer different things from the rest of the world. This depends on where you live and the your market. For example the Chinese like more violent films, this means that filmmakers will have to include more violence into the trailers for this market than others so that they aren't put off by the 'lack' of violence. Also companies do this with their posters as well. So the chinese one will have more violence to advertise than the Uk poster. 

Marvel also partnered with a fragrance company JADS to promote 'The Avengers' with character-based fragrances.

These are examples of what companies do to try and attract their audiences. The Companies try to advertise their products as much as possible. Also because this is a 4 quadrant movie they advertise on products that children will like and it will make them want to see it. This is because they think it is cool, and most consumers will buy general products like these: canned drinks, ready made pizzas, special offers in childrens magazines and maybe newspaper. It will attract everyone, because people over the age of 12 will have heard of Robert Downey Jr, and majority of people under the age of 12 will know who the main characters are because they might have toys, games, cartoons, or even the advertising boxes. This then makes them feel like they should go watch it because they want to see their favorite characters winning. 

Also the die hard fans will want to see because they love everything marvel. And they previous films have built up to this movie. THey will have seen most of the Marvel Studios movies for example; Iron man, Thor, Captain America and Hulk. And they all have relevance to the movie because they all tie in together and makes sense. 

American Beauty - Mise en Scene

Colours - The red roses have the connotations of danger and love, between the relationships. the blue curtains have connotations of calm and cod atmosphere which could contradict the atmosphere on the table.

Costumes - The two adults are wearing more formal clothes, this show that they are 'well off'. The girl is wearing a red and white jumper which could suggest danger and innocence.

Lighting - The main lighting is around the girl which suggest that the scene is about her. Also the lighting on the two adults are faded which shows that they are distanced through their relationship.

Framing - Here it uses a wide angle shot, they are all symmetrical to each other on the table, this has created awkward tension between them. There is lack of affection as well.

Body language/posture/ facial expressions - The mans seems angry because he has clenched fists, also the women seems angry as well because she is just glaring right at him with loath.

Hair and makeup - The girl is wearing black eyeliner, which suggest that she might be rebellious, also the red lipstick highlights danger because of the connotations the colour has.

Setting and props - The set is symmetrical which shows that they are quite formal. They pretend to be happy but really they is tension between them. Finally, the man is wearing wedding ring but she isn't which suggest that there is definite tension in the relationship.

Gender Representation

4 Areas of textual analysis of Luther
Clip 1

Camera Shots/Movement

Firstly, they use a high angle shot when Alice was talking to John about how she always carries her dead dog around in her bag, this shows vulnerability to the character. The scene is over the shoulder shots from both the characters as they argue and they both think they have control of the conversation and power. Then there are some mid shots to break up the tension and the control they both think they have. They use a panoramic shot from John's point of view of Alice, this shows how he studies her body language. Near the end of this clip there are close ups of John's face, this is to emphasise his emotions and also shows how she tries to seduce him and tell him he hasn't come just to find the gun. This shows that she is dangerous and also has a dangerous sexual side.

Sound

At the start of the clip there is diegetic sounds of suspense from the cars below them. After they come into the apartment as Alice tries to entice him by the way she is talking about the black hole. In that scene there is tense, mysterious music, this shows her trail of thought and the way she is fascinated by these things. At the end of the clip there is tense music again when she is up close with John and tries to seduce him. But then all of a sudden there is a cut and the sexual tension and intimacy is lost. 

Editing

To the end of the clip she tries to seduce him, this shows that she is dangerous and cannot control herself, the compulsion takes over. But when John says no there is a straight cut, this is where the music also stops and it loses the sexual tension and all seriousness.

Mise en Scene

Alice is wearing red lipstick this has connotation of danger, anger, love and lust. This is reflected in her actions mostly towards the end of the clip.

Clip 2

Camera Shots/Movement

The first scene is an over the shoulder shot where John is holding a gun to the man's head as the guy tells John what he has been doing to his x wife. Then there is a two shot were the man is beating John up because he is evil and even after being at gunpoint still isn't scared. Then there is another two shot were Alice and another man are talking to John who is lying on the floor, as she pulls the trigger. The low angle shot is used to show John is standing and in power. The high angle shot is used to show the man on the floor after he has been shot.

Sounds

At the start of the clip some emotional/tense music is played as John has the man at gunpoint but is verbally torturing him, and trying to make him shoot the man. Then there is non-diegetic sound as John chucks his gun down because he has had enough and strangles the man. But then it cuts off because he doesn't want to kill him, because he needs to be arrested. 

Editing

Just before John chucks his gun and starts to strangle the man, there is a sharp cut in the tense non-diegetic sounds and diegetic sound which shows that it might be breaking point. At the end of the clip it cuts from the two shot of Alice and the other man behind her to all of the staring at the body on the floor. 

Mise en Scene

All of the characters in the clip are dressed smartly showing that they are powerful, some more powerful than others. In this clip there 3 weapons, two guns and a small knife, which the man uses to stab John because he didn't want to kill the man. A gun because John used it to interrogate the man, and another gun used to kill him. 

Representation of Gender - Wire In The Blood

Camera Angles/Movement:

This is an over the shoulder shot showing the action from another characters perspective. It shows the two officers rushing out of the house and they both look worried which suggest that something has happened. the camera them uses a tracking shot to keep up to pace with them because they rushing out. 

This is a two shot which shows both of the officers imperfect view for the audience. This also shows that the women is more powerful than the man and potentially his boss because she is angry with him, this is highlighted by her body language because she his point aggressively at him with a stern look on her face. 

A mid close-up is used here, this is because you can see then angry expression on her face and also the stern loo in her eyes. Again this shows the power she has over him, she seems to be a very confident women and very good at her job. 

This is an over the shoulder shot, it shows the women officer ordering a colleague to do something, this show the amount of power she has. This is the opposite of the theory of the 'Male Gaze' because the men are meant to be superior and dominant over women, but here you can see that she is very high up in the police ranking system because she is ordering people around. She isn't there just to look pretty.

In this scene it keeps changing from a point of view shot, to a mid shot of the man. he also talks to himself which shows that he is very clever. he is like the narrator as he talks to himself. This relates to the 'Male Gaze' because men are thought to be superior and not women which suggest that he is talking to himself to find out answers like looking at the evidence. 

This is another mid shot of the character showing him analysing two pieces of evidence. It show that he is very clever and men are meant to be because they are seen (from the male gaze theory) as amazingly talented, clever, dominant humans, where as women are just objects. 

The next scene shows am man pulling up in a big expensive car, this supports the theory of 'Male Gaze' because man are meant to be haughty and and be manly and strong. he walks into the abandoned mansion and kicks the door open, this shows that he is an alpha-male. He then says to the men inside 'You still here ladies', again this shows the power he has, and also over other males, because he refers to the boys as ladies insteads of 'boys' or 'lads'. Then he uses violence by smashing one of the boys heads into the wall, this emphasises the amount of power and control he has over them. 

Sound:

Here  whilst he is talking sarcastically to them and acting if he cares, there are is a diegetic sound which suggests that it foreshadows what is going to happened. Then we she him smashing someones head into the wall. 

Mise En Scene: 

This scene shows the sketchiness of the mansion, because its not a normal house you would live in because it is battered up and doesn't look like people could live there. This gives the feeling that 'normal' people don't live there. Again it foreshadows what is going to happen because he kicks the door in and lets himself in. 

The Male Gaze Beyoncé - Partition

Throughout this video there are clear signs of 'the male gaze theory' in action, there are many scenes associated with intimacy, sex and orgasm. All of this leads to prove the theory of male gaze true.

This is the starting scene where Beyoncé is playing the role of a very wealthy man, we she as an over the shoulder shot first and this shot shows that she is trying to get her partners attention. She is wearing red lipstick and red nail varnish, this colour has the connotation of danger, energy, passion, love and determination which shows that she might want to impress her husband in asexual way.

This is a close up of the object of significance which is her breast, they show this because she wants to emphasise to her partner that she is attractive and want to do something,. She tries too sexy which might turn her partner on and grab his attention.

Beyoncé then grabs her napkin and drops it, this shows that she still wants to get the attention of her husband and show herself to him. But he is still reading his newspaper. This is also an over the shoulder shot again because they want to show what she is doing. 

This scenes shows that she is all dressed up for her husband which shows that again ‘the male gaze theory’ might be true, she might only be dressed for his pleasure. She is wearing a highly designer bodice which is very shiny and glittery this might imply that she wants to grab the attention of her partner.

This shows that Beyoncé is trying to impress her man, she is wearing minimum clothing which is just a lace lingerie which suggest that she is trying to seduce her man who is in the car. She isn't wearing anything else on top except a long black leather coat which is also a type of sex symbol because she showing to her man what she has to offer, and showing that she is worth of him. It also shows that she has been accepted only so that he can admire her not as a human being and a loving partner but an object who is inferior.

Here we see ‘Jay-z’ the superior male, and he is stroking her legs which suggest that they he is getting turner on by her choice of clothing and also there are some diegetic sounds like ‘ummmmms’ and ‘arrrrrrs’ these are sexual noises. This highlights that they are getting aroused by each other and are going to have sexual intercourse.

Again you can tell by her body language, that she is feeling aroused by him shown also by her facial expression as well. It also show the intimacy between them, but he thinks of her an object, a toy not a human, it devalues and takes away her humanity. Laura Mulvey said that women in the ‘male gaze’ have only two functions: an erotic object for the character to view and an erotic object for the audience to view as well. In this video, I think that this theory is true because she dress up to impress her partner, and also her looks very appeasing to the audiences because of the way she is dressed.

In the next scene, she is sat upon a piano wearing a black velvet body suit with a black netted Victorian long coat. Her facial expression shows a sexual expression which suggest that she is still ‘turned on’. She then starts to dance and brush her hands through her hair and does a private dance for him. Which again shows that she is just an object for him to look at and she is nothing more. In the bottom left we see that she is dancing and we see this from his point of view which shows us the ‘object of significant’ which is her. This proves that part of Laura’s theory id true because of the way he treats her.

Here it shows her in a bikini, with lots of hands touching her which highlights that the male gaze leads to ideological hegemony, this is the idea of dominance in politics and social contexts. In the next scene she is being very nudist showing for the audience to ‘erotic object’ which I mentioned before shows that she is trying to lead you on because it might be ‘tempting’ for some viewer. This could relate to Beyoncé using male gaze and sexualisation to get more fans and views.

In my opinion i think that this video example does reflect Laura Mulvey's theory of 'THe Male Gaze', but I don't think that this is all it represents. Beyoncé is seen as a sex symbol, but also an inspiration to women everywhere, i think that parts of this video encourage women to to be confident about their body as well. 

The Seven Key Areas of Audience and Institution-Avengers Assemble Research

The Seven Key Areas of Audience and Institution-Avengers Assemble Research

• the issues raised by media ownership in contemporary media practice; (how does who owns a media company influence the type of film made and its potential success? For example do BIG companies make BIG films and therefore make all the money? Is it possible for small companies to succeed?) Which companies made Avenger's assemble? How did this impact on the type of film that was made?
• the importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production, distribution and marketing; (how do companies work together to produce, distribute and publicize a film? How can Disney use their size to promote and publicise a film? How can small companies work together to promote their business' when making and promoting a film?)Who publicised and distributed the film? How did these companies work together? What roles did they undertake?
• the technologies that have been introduced in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange; (how has the introduction of digital film, 3D, DVD, Blu Ray, internet streaming, downloadable content, home cinema influenced the types of films made, the way we watch them and the way we 'buy' them?)Research the types of technology utilised during these stages of the film production process of Avengers Assemble.
• the significance of proliferation in hardware and content for institutions and audiences; (how and why have film companies had to alter the way they work now everyone has web enabled phones, PC's, consoles etc? How have audiences changed their viewing habits now we no longer need to go to the cinema to watch a film) Link this area to Avengers Assemble.
• the importance of technological convergence for institutions and audiences; (can you think of examples of how different technologies have come together to help the film industry?) 
• the issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically, British) by international or global institutions; (how do film companies try and attract their audience? Do they do different things in different countries?) How was the film marketed in the USA, Europe and the rest of the world (particular focus here on China).
• the ways in which the candidates’ own experiences of media consumption illustrate wider patterns and trends of audience behaviour. (what is your opinion on the above? Do you see the developments as a good or bad thing?) Link this area to the film. Use clear examples.

Glue - Age Representation and Camera Analysis Group Presentation.

REPRESENTATIONS – COMMON STEREOTYPES

Film Production

Writer: A writer or a screenwriter is a person who researches and develops story ideas, then they create screenplays for films. they provide the 'blueprint' as part of the creative input for Producer Director, Production Designer, Composer and Editor, Cast and Crew. this ensures that whoever is reading the screenplay imagines how the film work on the screen. They are under pressure because they have to create the screenplays for strict deadlines, working flat out with the script development team so that they can work on it and perfect it by the deadlines.

Producer: The producers are responsible for all aspects of the 'film production'. Thier role is to turn potential story ideas into profitable films that will be a hit. They work with the Directors and the Casting Directors so that they can get exactly what they imagine and what they think will make the film better. for example; the right actors, the right props and equipment, making sure that they are in budget. Also working with the camera operators, marketing team and the special effects department so that they get what they imagined from reading the screenplay to reality. 

Casting Director: The Casting Director/s Are responsible for the actors, this means they have the job to pick the cast of the film. they do this buy conducting interviews and auditions for the role, also they negotiates the payments and the contracts to go with the role for the actor. they work with the Directors and the Producers so that they understand the requirements for the roles.

  

Director:  A Director is the creative driving force for a film's production, they have the visualisation to define the style of the scene and then bring it to life. There are many roles to a Director and they are responsible for all aspects of it, such as casting, script editing, shot composition, shot selection and editing. The Director is responsible for creatively translating the film script into actual images on a screen which make more sense. They are also successful for the film's artist and commercial success or failure.

Film Finance: Also know as a 'Line Producer' calculate the costings for the investors, they observe the preparation for the budget, and they help run the day-today production of the film. They are one of the first people to be employed on a film's production to manage the business aspects of the production by the Director or Producer.

Camera Operator: They prepare the camera equipment and help operate the camera so that you can for the scene that they start to record for the film. They work closely the Director so that they can focus on the right shots for each scene.

Editor: The editor also works closely with the Director so that they can 'finish' little things, so they can craft the rush of scenes into a coherent whole. They spent loads of hours in a editing suite. They do this so that they ensure it flows effortlessly from start to end. 

Production Designer: They define and manage every visual aspect of a film, and the Product Designer also works with the Producer and Director to produce a budget and a schedule for the film. They direct a team to help them produce the visual elements, like the sets they film on, the costumes etc...

Marketing: These people are responsible for promoting the movie and making eye-catching posters, adverts and other form of promotion towards the movie.This is so that it make people want to go an watch the movie, and draws attention to itself.

Exhibition: A cinema exhibition is how films are mainly to view films. A copy of the film on a tape or a digital copy is sent to the cinemas across the globe which is then used, to play the film through it.